How a Tree Gets Its Scientific Name

Tree species and their names are a product of a two-part plant naming system that was introduced and promoted by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus grand achievement was the development of what is now called binomial nomenclature - a formal system of naming species of living things, including trees, by giving each tree a name composed of two parts called the genus and the species. These names are based on never-to-change Latin words. So Latin terms, when broken into their respective tree genus and species, are called a trees scientific name. When using that special name, a tree can be identified by botanists and foresters around the world and in any language. The problem before the use of this taxonomic Linnaean tree classification system was the confusion surrounding the use, or misuse, of common names. Using common tree names as the only tree descriptor still presents problems today as common names differ greatly from location to location. Common names of trees are not as commonly used as you might think when traveling through the trees natural range. Lets look at the sweetgum tree as an example. Sweetgum is very common throughout the eastern United States as both a wild, native tree and also a tree planted in the landscape. Sweetgum can have only one scientific name, Liquidambar styraciflua, but has several common names including redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, gum maple, alligator-wood, and bilsted. A Tree and Its Species Classification What does species of tree mean? A tree species is an individual kind of tree that shares common parts on the lowest taxonomic level. Trees of the same species have the same characteristics of bark, leaf, flower, and seed and present the same general appearance. The word species is both singular and plural. There are nearly 1,200 tree species that grow naturally in the United States. Each tree species tends to grow together in what foresters call tree ranges and timber types, which are confined to geographic areas with similar climatic and soil conditions. Many more have been introduced from outside North America and are considered to be naturalized exotics. These trees do very well when grown in similar conditions they were native to. It is interesting that tree species in the United States far exceeds the native species of Europe. A Tree and Its Genus Classification What does genus of tree mean? Genus refers to the lowest classification of a tree before determining the related species. Trees of the genus have the same basic flower structure and may resemble other genus members in outward appearance. Tree members within a genus can still vary significantly in leaf shape, style of fruit, the color of bark and tree form. The plural of genus is genera. Unlike common tree names where the species is often named first; for example, red oak, blue spruce, and silver maple - the scientific genus name is always named first; for example, Quercus rubra, Picea pungens, and Acer saccharinum. The Hawthorn tree, genus Crataegus, leads the tree genera with the longest list of species - 165. Crataegus is also the most complicated tree to identify down to the species level. The oak tree or genus Quercus is the most common forest tree with the greatest number of species. Oaks have some 60 related species and are native to nearly every state or province in North America. North Americas Species-Rich Eastern Forest Eastern North America and most particularly the southern Appalachian Mountains claim the title of having the most native tree species of any area of North America. Seems like this area was a natural sanctuary ​where conditions allowed trees to survive and multiply after the Ice Age. Interestingly, Florida and California can brag about their total number of tree species which were, and are, transported into these states from all over the world. One may cringe when someone asks them to identify a tree from these two states. They know immediately that it will be a word search of a bountiful tropic tree list. These exotic immigrants are not only an identification problem but also an invasive problem with future negative habitat change.

HIS K 7 Essay - 975 Words

Part 1 Points Possible: 80 Of the following three questions, answer two of your choice. 1. As an editor for a newspaper favorable to Thomas Jefferson, you have been asked to write an article explaining what is wrong with Alexander Hamiltons 1789 economic program. What would you say? Because you are a good reporter, you have thoroughly researched the matter. Your answer must deal with all of the major aspects of Hamiltons proposals on the National Bank (Links to an external site.), National Debt (Links to an external site.), and Manufactures (Links to an external site.). As a partisan of Jefferson, you are also well versed in his views on the same subjects because you have read Jeffersons opinion on the National Debt (Links to an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The central bank is an institution of the most deadly hostility existing against the Principles and form of our Constitution. I am an Enemy to all banks discounting bills or notes for anything but Coin. If the American People allow private banks to control the issuance of their currency, first by inflation an d then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the People of all their Property until their Children will wake up homeless on the continent their Fathers conquered. † (3) Jefferson knows that a national bank that printed its own money backed by coin is the only answer. 2. Your answers to the following questions must show a knowledge of the text and reflect your thoughts about the issues involved. Each question should take at least a paragraph to answer. a. Why was John Adams a failure as president? - Alien and Sedition Acts 2. Indecisiveness over support for the French Revolution 3. Kept old cabinet which was heavily influenced by Hamilton 4. Indecisiveness over support for early part of Napoleonic War (France Britain) 5. XYZ Affair 6. Deeply split own party due to indecisiveness b. What policies did he try to pursue, and what mistakes did he make as chief executive? - The Alien andShow MoreRelatedEncrypted Chat I am generally interested computer science and600 Words   |  3 PagesMessage is converted to random numbers, symbols and letters 3. It is sent to server ïÆ'Ÿ This is simple demonstration of client server relation. So during first example if we send â€Å"Hi how are you† this text will be send to server as it is and client will receive the message you sent. During Second example when you type â€Å"Hi how are you† it will be first encrypted on your computer and something like this will be sent to server â€Å"VlHTRKpo87NGwQWOjbUUA3SlWqU1t/QkKzihAREzxUCWEfgY96K3Hw==† And then clientRead MoreEssay about Kokoro Natsume Soseki Summary1651 Words   |  7 Pageswatches Sensei’s movement with the foreigner. 3. Sensei drops his sunglasses. Stalks Sensei out to sea. Beginning of friendship. 4. 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Medical Practitioner Workforce Shortages in Rural Australia

Question: Discuss about the Medical Practitioner Workforce Shortages in Rural Australia. Answer: Introduction: There is a shortage of medical practitioners in the rural areas of Australia since many of them prefer to remain in the urban areas. According to Australian institute of health and welfare report, rural doctors represent just sixteen percent of Australias forty-nine thousand strong medical workforces (Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Group Training Australia, National Skills Shortages Strategy, 2010). Background and Discussion Many medical professionals prefer to work in cities instead of the rural areas, therefore, leaving very few to work in the rural areas. In fact, most of the medical professionals who work in the rural areas currently in Australia are over the age of fifty years. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹The reason that is causing this problem to be elevated now is primarily because of the increasing burden of disease in the Australian population. Maningrida, Gunbalanya and Gapuwiyak are some of the major towns that are experiencing a shortage of medical practitioners (Short, McDonald, 2012). Every year, the figure of medical consumers has been swelling while the number of the medical professionals in the rural areas has not been increasing at the same pace (Eddington, Toner, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012). The shortage of medical professionals in the rural areas has had a very negative effect. First, the people living in the rural areas are not able to access health care services on time as they should since the numbers of medical professionals are not enough to handle the big number of patient who report to the health care institutions every single day. Secondly, more people are dying in remote areas due as a result of having to wait for a long period before they can access health services. The council of Australian governments reform council that focuses on health care reveals that the health of Australians is improving in many areas although there is still a huge gap based on where an individual lives (Mcgrail, Humphreys, Joyce, Scott, Kalb, 2011). The shortage of workforce in the medical field is also affecting the nurses. Nurses are usually the people who deal with clients as such, due to inadequate staffing in the rural areas; the health care workers fail to administer proper care to patients as much as they would wish. According to the consumer protection act, the patients have the right to demand the best quality of service. As such, the increase of workload for nurses sometimes results in mental stress for the staff and if not checked it can progress to become mental dysfunction (McNeil, Mitchell, Parker, 2015). When there are shortages of medical staff, ordinary people suffer therefore making it very difficult to achieve the local administration to meet certain targets like access to health care for all. The national government is forced to rely on international medical graduates to fulfill the medical needs of the communities in the rural areas. Shortage of the medical workforce also makes it difficult to meet the targets set by international bodies, for example, the world health organization (Scott, Larson, Jefferies, Veenendaal, 2014). Those who argue in support of the existence of medical practitioner workforce shortages in rural areas cite several studies that have been done to support this claim. One of the many researches that are used to argue in support of the issue is the health care report done by the council of Australian governments reform council that points out that the rate of potentially preventable hospital admissions due to chronic illnesses in rural areas was almost 2.5 times that of big cities. The research also points out that one in three people living outside the cities of Australia reported longer than acceptable waiting times to see a general practitioner (Short, McDonald, 2012). Those who argue against the medical practitioner workforce shortages in rural areas of Australia point out that there is no shortage of medical practitioners but rather the big problems that exist are the issues of geographical mal-distribution. They prefer to concentrate on certain regions of the country while neglecting others (Negin, Joel, Rozea, Aneuryn, Cloyd, Ben, Martiniuk, 2013). The government has taken several measures to try and arrest this problem. One of the strategies implemented by the government of Australia is the introduction of policies that are favorable and aimed at encouraging international medical graduates to come to Australia to live and work. Although the international medical graduates make up a significant of Australias medical workforce especially in rural and remote areas of the country, they have not been able to meet the demands needed to ensure that there is no shortage (Hudson, Weston Elizabeth, 2011). The world health organization advocates for individual countries to try as much as possible to meet their health human resource needs and this directive limits the use of international medical graduates. Research estimates that international medical graduates currently comprise of roughly thirty-nine percent of the medical workforce in Australia and forty-six percent of general practitioners in the rural area. Australia is an economically developed country it should not rely on international medical graduates to meet its medical practitioner workforce shortages in rural areas (Kamien Buttfield, 2012). If the medical practitioner workforce shortage in the rural areas is ignored, then most people world die as a result of diseases that could have easily been prevented since the longer it takes to access the doctor the higher the chances of an illness progressing which may lead to death. Furthermore, the nurses would also suffer from stress as a result of the increase in workload. Finally, the standard of health care would significantly decrease since a shortage of medical practitioner workforce translates to more patients being served by one medical professional (Rogers, 2013). Recommendations To attract junior doctors to the local rural hospital, I would recommend to the management to consider giving them incentives. The incentive can be in terms of payments given to the medical practitioner in the rural community. The range of money can be dictated by the length of time spent in the rural practice as well as the remoteness of the hospital location. The company should also consider giving grants as a form of incentive to encourage junior doctors to move to the local hospital. The grant is very crucial since it will assist in the relocation process without having to incur many financial losses (Hurley, Catherine, Baum, Fran, Johns, Labonte, 2012). I would recommend that the doctors be given flexible working hours. Resting is crucial for medical professionals since when they are overworked, stress becomes a factor and hence the level of health care delivery to patients goes down. Flexible working hours also ensures that medical professionals have time for professional development (Harris Short, 2014). Doctors are known to work all day dealing with emergencies, if they can find an institution where they are working flexible hours chances are that they will join the institution even if it is in the rural areas (Scott, Larson, Jefferies, Veenendaal, 2014). The rural company should also consider employing international medical graduates who are ready to work and live in Australia. The government has laid out policies that are very favorable to international graduates who work in the rural areas for example the ten years restricted access to a Medicare provider number that specifically applies to international medical graduates in Australia is reduced by up to five years for those international medical graduates who choose to work the rural areas of Australia (Hume Johnston, 2016). I would also recommend to the hospital management to consider doing workshops and visiting different medical schools to try and market benefits that come with working in the rural areas. This will ensure that students make decisions as early as possible to join institutions in the rural areas that sensitive to the needs of the medical students (Onnis Pryce, 2016). As far as financial implications are concerned, the company will not incur any financial costs since there are the government is working closely with health institutions and boosting their efforts by offering to assist in payment of various incentives like the providing grants and assisting in paying off loans incurred by the medical professionals while they were in medical school (Eley, Young, Louise, Shrapnel, Marilyn, Wilkinson, David, Baker, Peter, Hegney, 2011). As far as political implications are concerned, when these strategies are implemented effectively then the high shortage rate will start to reduce. Since most of the strategies rely mostly on government support, if they show signs of success then politicians will advocate for more funds to be pumped into these programs so that the success rate can increase (Scott, Larson, Jefferies, Veenendaal, 2014). If the recommendations are implemented the patients particularly those in the rural areas will benefit the most since they will have access to better health care within short periods of time unlike before they had to wait for hours before seeing a doctor (Kamien Buttfield, 2012). Implementation The solutions will be implemented by engaging with government official so that they can assist in funding the doctor. The implementation will be done by the management of the hospital in consultation with heads of relevant government department (Onnis Pryce, 2016). Communication The information need to reach international medical graduates who live in Australia and government departments especially the health department. The recommendation will be communicated through face to face meeting as a through email (Rogers, 2013). References Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry., Group Training Australia., National Skills Shortages Strategy (Australia). (2010).Group training: New ways to meet skill and labour shortages. Canberra: Dept. of Education, Science and Training. Eddington, N., Toner, P., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2012).Skills Formation Strategies in Queensland: A Skills Shortage?. Paris: OECD Publishing. Eley, Diann, Young, Louise, Shrapnel, Marilyn, Wilkinson, David, Baker, Peter, Hegney, Desley. (2011).Medical students and rural general practitioners: congruent views on reality of recruitment into rural medicine. 12-20.) Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia. Harris, R., Short, T. (2014).Workforce development: Perspectives and issues. Hudson, Judith N, Weston, Kathryn M, Farmer, Elizabeth A. (2011).Engaging rural preceptors in new longitudinal community clerkships during workforce shortage: a qualitative study. (BioMed Central Ltd.) BioMed Central Ltd. Hume, C., Hume, M., Johnston, P. (October 01, 2016). Creating Awareness and Practice: The ARCC@T Framework for Knowledge Management in Aged Care Services.International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare (ijrqeh),5,4, 1-14. Hurley, Catherine, Baum, Fran, Johns, Julie, Labonte, Ron. (2012).Comprehensive Primary Health Care in Australia: findings from a narrative review of the literature. (Comprehensive Primary Health Care in Australia: findings from a narrative review of the literature.)Bottom of Form Kamien, M., Buttfield, I. H. (January 01, 2012). Some solutions to the shortage of general practitioners in rural Australia. Part 1. Medical school selection.The Medical Journal of Australia,153,2, 105-7. Mcgrail, Humphreys, Joyce, Scott, Kalb, (May 01, 2011). Rural Amenity and Medical Workforce Shortage: Is there a Relationship?.Geographical Research,49,2, 192-202. McNeil, K., Mitchell, R., Parker, V. (March 01, 2015). The paradoxical effects of workforce shortages on rural interprofessional practice.Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences,29,1, 73-82. Negin, Joel, Rozea, Aneuryn, Cloyd, Ben, Martiniuk, Alexandra LC. (2013).Foreign-born health workers in Australia: an analysis of census data. (BioMed Central Ltd.) BioMed Central Ltd. Onnis, L. L., Pryce, J. (January 01, 2016). Health professionals working in remote Australia: a review of the literature.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,54,1, 32-56. Rogers, N. J. (January 01, 2013). Shortage of general practitioners in Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,2,16.) Scott, J., Larson, A., Jefferies, F., Veenendaal, B. (October 01, 2014). Small-area estimates of general practice workforce shortage in rural and remote Western Australia.Australian Journal of Rural Health,14,5, 209-213. Short, S. D., McDonald, F. (2012).Health workforce governance: Improved access, good regulatory practice, safer patients. Farnham Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub.

Removalist Speech free essay sample

Today I will be talking about how is the concept of experience through language explored in David Williamsons play The Removalist through the key issues and ideas in the Removalist. The Removalists is a play written by Australian play writer David Williamson in 1971. The main issues the play addresses are violence and the abuse of power and authority. The story is supposed to be a microcosm of 1970s Australian society. I will be talking about how the issues of abuse of authority and power are experienced through language and the idea that Australian society were letting this go by taking a passive approach with the law enforcement in Australia The Issue of abuse of authority and power in the Removalist is established in the opening scene of the play where the new recruit (Ross) sent to Sergeant Simmonds station after finishing police training. he is depicted as naive and inexperienced despite being from an educated background. We will write a custom essay sample on Removalist Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Sergeant Simmons is depicted through hes comments in the play as sexist and chauvinistic. Simmons establishes his authority by continually patronising Ross. Simmonds repeatedly questions Ross at the beginning of the play to find a weakness. He finds a weak spot in Ross By Asking Whats your old man do for a crust and when he sees Ross hesitate to answer Simmonds sees his opportunity to make Ross uncomfortable and patronise him. This Scene is very good at showing how experience through language is explored in the way that Simmonds Abuses hes Authority and power to make Ross feel inferior and give him a Superior position over Ross. He idea that the actually upholder of the law would abuse hes power and authority to take advantage of people was the issue that Williamson explores in the play and Through Simmons Williamson show us that the authority conferred upon society can be exploitive and violent. A key idea explored in The Removalists is that of the Australian Society not wanting to get involved in something that would put them in danger or in trouble this is represented in the play through a character called the Removalist who is in a sense the everyday man not wanting to get involved in something thats not there or hes business. In one scene you see a man who has been beaten by the Ross and Simmonds and he ask the removalist for help to call the police the Removalist Responds with I mind me own business if other people mind theirs, and thats the way I play the game. get me? this is symbolic to how this was a norm of society in how no one wanted to get involved with something that would put them at a disadvantage in their life or get them in trouble. The concept of experience through change is explored in the removalist by David Williamson through how he deals and shows the issues and key ideas presented in the play.

Segmenting Business Markets free essay sample

In this lesson, we will discuss concepts and applications related to Business to Business (B2B) market segmentation. Market segmentation involves breaking down a large heterogeneous market into smaller homogeneous markets. Separate marketing programs – the marketing mix can then be developed to meet the needs of each segment. Concentration of marketing solutions is the key component of all marketing plans, and market segmentation is the tool that allows marketers to achieve this focus. Segmentation also helps marketers to satisfy customers while meeting their organization’s objectives. A segmentation base is a characteristic or variable of individuals, groups, or organizations that is used to divide a total market into segments. Markets can be segmented using a single or multiple variables. The five bases of segmentation commonly used in the B2C marketplace we learned are: 1. Geographic is based on region, size, density, and climate characteristics. 2. Demographic is based on age, gender, income level, ethnicity, and family life-cycle characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Segmenting Business Markets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Psychographic includes personality, motives, and lifestyle characteristics. 4. Benefits segmentation identifies customers according to the benefits they seek in a product. 5. Usage segmentation divides a market by the amount of product purchased or consumed. Bases for Segmenting Business Markets: We know that the business market consists of four broad segments described as producers, resellers, institutions, and governments. However, just as with consumer markets, further segmentation can help B2B marketers to better refine their marketing mix. Company characteristics, such as geographic location, type of company, company size, and product can be used as segmentation variables. Customer type allows business marketers to customize their programs to the unique needs of particular types of organizations or industries. Information from sources such as Statistics Canada , U. S. Census Bureau and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) are used by many marketers to tailor programs to specific business sectors. Firmographics is a term often used to describe this segmentation based on various characteristics of an organization. What demographics are to consumer markets, Firmographics are to organizations. Commonly-used firmographics include employee size, revenue size, industry, number of locations and location of headquarters. Marketers typically combine several variables to define a Firmographics profile of their target market customers. Food for thought: Jeffrey Henning, Founder VP, Strategy at Vovici (Voice of the Customer technology solutions) provides historical notes on the introduction of the concept of Firmographics and its uses in B2B marketing including a template that you might find useful! How they buy segmentation is another variable that can be very useful to marketers developing programs for the business buyer. The descriptors of these high level attributes are: a. ) Satisficers usually contact familiar suppliers and place an order with the first to satisfy product, delivery requirements or other purchase criteria the organization might establish. b. ) Optimizers consider numerous suppliers, both familiar and unfamiliar, and then solicit bids and analyze options. Governments and Non profit organizations generally utilize this approach. Size of the order or cost will also factor in to whether the buying organization will be a satisficer or an optimizer. For this reason marketers must be careful not to oversimplify when assigning this segmentation base. A growing trend in business marketing is the development of market segments based on the characteristics of the individual buying influencers found in the target customer organizations that have been identified through Firmographics. The Buyers personal characteristics or psychographics can influence their buying behavior and therefore offer a viable basis for segmenting in many business markets. These characteristics include: * Demographic characteristics * Decision style * Tolerance for risk * Confidence level * Job responsibilities Psychographics are extremely useful data to gather, but not essential for all businesses. Obviously more critical in the consumer space it can also help in B2B businesses by defining potential customer attitudes to the products/services offered. Many marketer’s have taken this concept further with the development of buyer personas to facilitate and fine tune the marketing messages directed at their most sought after customers. Adelle Revella, a thought leader on product and marketing strategies delivers further insights on this topic in her Buyer Persona Blog. Other B2C market segmentation bases such as Benefits sought and Usage rate may also be applied in business markets. The aim of market segmentation is to arrive at clusters of like-minded companies to allow marketing programs to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase. There is a very strong pressure to use segmentation in B2B markets to win a competitive advantage where there is little to differentiate one product offering from another. Segmentation therefore links strongly with a firm’s marketing strategy to achieve a sustainable differentiated position. Market Strategies for Business Market segmentation is the first step in determining whom to approach about buying a product. The next task is to choose one or more target markets – the group of people or the organizations for which the firm will design, implement and maintain a marketing mix. This stage is the Target Market strategy or Targeting strategy and is characterized by the marketer’s decision about market approach. There are three distinct strategies that may be elected. Let’s refresh our memories. A. Undifferentiated Marketing Strategy This means the market is treated as if it were one similar market segment. It focuses on the common needs of the group rather than the differences. Its advantage is that it keeps costs down for marketing and similar related efforts. It works best with organizations that offer stable type products such as gasoline. An undifferentiated targeting strategy is essentially a mass-market philosophy—viewing the market as one big market and using one marketing mix. It is the least successful B2B targeting strategy a marketer can adopt. B. Multisegment Marketing Strategy Is a strategy that chooses two or more well defined market segments for which the organization will develop and maintain a unique marketing mix. Often the core product will remain the same but the firm develops separate marketing messages, pricing, promotion material and so forth. An example of this strategy is found at Halogen Software, the human resources or talent management solution providers. Halogen has developed core software components. By packaging the core software with additional resources Halogen can appeal to different B2B market segments. Halogen Software has â€Å" optimized† solutions (product/services) for human resource professionals in healthcare, financial services, education, and manufacturing and maybe more. C. Concentrated Marketing Strategy The concentrated targeting strategy is a marketing approach based on appealing to a single segment of a market. It focuses a firms marketing efforts on a single segment or market niche. A firm can concentrate on understanding the needs, motives, and satisfactions of the members of one segment and on developing and maintaining a highly specialized marketing mix.

Seaborgium Facts - Sg or Element 106

Seaborgium Facts - Sg or Element 106 Seaborgium (Sg) is element 106 on the periodic table of elements. Its one of the man-made radioactive transition metals. Only small quantities of seaborgium have ever been synthesized, so theres not a lot known about this element based on experimental data, but some properties may be predicted based on periodic table trends. Heres a collection of facts about Sg, as well as a look at its interesting history. Interesting Seaborgium Facts Seaborgium was the first element named for a living person. It was named to honor contributions made by nuclear chemist Glenn. T. Seaborg. Seaborg and his team discovered several of the actinide elements.None of the isotopes of seaborgium have been found to occur naturally. Arguably, the element was first produced by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso and E. Kenneth Hulet at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in September, 1974. The team synthesized element 106 by bombarding a californium-249 target with oxygen-18 ions to produce seaborgium-263.Earlier that same year (June), researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia had reported discovering element 106. The Soviet team produced element 106 by bombarding a lead target with chromium ions.The Berkeley/Livermore team proposed the name seaborgium for element 106, but the IUPAC had a rule that no element could be named for a living person and proposed the element be named rutherfordium instead. The American Chemical Society disputed this ruling, citing the precedent in which the element name einsteinium was proposed during Albert Einsteins lifetime. During the disagreement, the IUPAC assigned the placeholder name unnilhexium (Uuh) to element 106. In 1997, a compromise allowed that element 106 be named seaborgium, while element 104 was assigned the name rutherfordium. As you might imagine, element 104 had also been the subject of a naming controversy, as both the Russian and American teams had valid discovery claims. Experiments with seaborgium have shown it exhibits chemical properties similar to  tungsten, its lighter homologue on the periodic table (i.e., located directly above it). Its also chemically similar to molybdenum.Several seaborgium compounds and complex ions have been produced and studied, including  SgO3,  SgO2Cl2,  SgO2F2,  SgO2(OH)2,  Sg(CO)6,  [Sg(OH)5(H2O)], and [SgO2F3]−.Seaborgium has been the subject of cold fusion and hot fusion research projects.In 2000, a French team isolated a relatively large sample of seaborgium: 10 grams of seaborgium-261. Seaborgium Atomic Data Element Name and Symbol: Seaborgium (Sg) Atomic Number: 106 Atomic Weight: [269] Group: d-block element, group 6 (Transition Metal) Period: period 7 Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f14  6d4  7s2 Phase: Its expected the seaborgium would be a solid metal around room temperature. Density: 35.0 g/cm3 (predicted) Oxidation States: The 6 oxidation state has been observed and is predicted to be the most stable state. Based on the chemistry of homologous element, expected oxidation states would be 6, 5, 4, 3, 0 Crystal Structure: face-centered cubic (predicted) Ionization Energies: Ionization energies are estimated. 1st:  757.4  kJ/mol2nd:  1732.9  kJ/mol3rd:  2483.5  kJ/mol Atomic Radius: 132 pm (predicted) Discovery: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA (1974) Isotopes: At least 14 isotopes of seaborgium are known. The longest-lived isotope is Sg-269, which has a half life of about 2.1 minutes. The shortest-lived isotope is Sg-258, which has a half-life of 2.9 ms. Sources of Seaborgium: Seaborgium may be made by fusing together nuclei of two atoms or as a decay product of heavier elements. It has been observed from the decay of Lv-291, Fl-287, Cn-283, Fl-285, Hs-271, Hs-270, Cn-277, Ds-273, Hs-269, Ds-271, Hs-267, Ds-270, Ds-269, Hs-265, and Hs-264. As still heavier elements are produced, it is likely the number of parent isotopes will increase. Uses of Seaborgium: At this time, the only use of seaborgium is for research, primarily toward the synthesis of heavier elements and to learn about its chemical and physical properties. It is of particular interest to fusion research. Toxicity: Seaborgium has no known biological function. The element presents a health hazard because of its inherent radioactivity. Some compounds of seaborgium may be toxic chemically, depending on the elements oxidation state. References A. Ghiorso, J. M. Nitschke, J. R. Alonso, C. T. Alonso, M. Nurmia, G. T. Seaborg, E. K. Hulet and R. W. Lougheed, Physical Review Letters 33, 1490 (1974).Fricke, Burkhard (1975). Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. 21: 89–144.  Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). Transactinides and the future elements. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer ScienceBusiness Media.

Racist Skinhead Subculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Racist Skinhead Subculture - Essay Example The racial skinhead subculture is similar to neo-Nazi ideologies in the sense that aggression is mainly targeted to certain racial groups. In this case scenario, the most hated are often Jews, since the skinheads view them as the ones who have taken all the economic privileges in the country. They also abhor blacks and other races, whom they consider as inferior races to the white race. Over the past three decades, the racist skinhead subculture has continually evolved to be more sophisticated in the way it uses the internet to spread its propaganda. Though various extremist skinhead activities were weakened after 9/11 attacks in the US due to another of issues such as arrest of some leaders and death of another (Sinderbrand, 2004:38), since 2004, and over the past five years most of the groups have been regrouping, getting integrated and increasingly carrying out race motivated attacks on people (Anti Defamation League, 2012a:1). Since such groups often surge during times of economic distress and seek to put blames on various racial groups for taking away all jobs in the economy, I contend that it is probably due to the recent economic recession that most of these racist skinheads have regrouped. It is due to this reason that this paper finds it important to study the intricacies of the brand community of the skinhead subculture, and specifically the racist skinhea ds.... It is due to this reason that this paper finds it important to study the intricacies of the brand community of the skinhead subculture, and specifically the racist skinheads. The study will use subculture theory to understand why the skinhead group is a subculture and to tease out specific elements and themes concerning a specific example of racist skinhead: Hammerskin Nation. It will also analyze empirical studies as to attributes of this group in order to understand their practice. To this end, the key research questions will be what the main characteristics of the brand Hammerskin Nation are, why they have these characteristics and why they are a subculture based on clear themes concerning their movements that have been teased out and highlighted theoretical attributes. Literature review Historical perspective of the racial Skinhead The start of the skinhead head movement can be traced in the UK back in the 1950s and the 1960s. During this time several young people defined themsel ves separately by adopting a high stylish lifestyle bordered on mainly styles adopted by the British rock bands, US R$B, as well as movie stars. Brown (2004: 175) observes these earlier young people known as mods, who were less inclined to violence, became known for their devotion to music, fashion, scooters and their general consumerism. Since not all of the fashion trendy adhering to mod subculture could afford to have the latest trends in fashion, the group split off into two, the well off referred to as the smooth mods and the working class mods who could less afford the fashion trends. Nordstrom and Robben (1995:87) show that due to this the hard mods preferred to be sported in suspenders, boots and straight legged jeans. The hard mods mainly enjoyed he hard rock,